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Bibliography

In this section you will find some related publications on the omega-3 topic.

References regarding Omega-3 fatty acids: Metabolism, effects, and common points of view

  • Singer P., Wirth M., Singer K. (2016): Canned seawater fish with declared content of omega – 3 fatty acids: a novel benefit for dietary practice and research. Eur J Clin Nutr 70: 1093-1094
  • Weylandt KH. (2016): Docosapentaenoic acid derived metabolites and mediators – The new world of lipid mediator medicine in a nutshell. Eur J Pharmacol 785: 108 – 115
  • Cicero AFG., Rosticci M., Morbini M., Cagnati M., Grandl E., Parini A., Borghi C. (2016): Lipid – lowering and anti – inflammatory effects of omega 3 ethyl esters and krill oil: a randomized, cross- over , clinical trial. Arch Med Sci 12: 507 – 512
  • Barden AE., Mas E., Mori TA. (2016): n – 3 fatty acid supplementation and proresolving mediators of inflammation. Curr Opin Lipidol 27: 26 – 32
  • Polus A., Zapala B., Razny U., Gielicz A., Kiec – Wilk B., Malczewska – Malec M., Sanak M., Childs CE., Calder PC., Dembinska – Kiec A. (2016): Omega – 3 fatty acid supplementation influences the whole blood transcriptome in women with obesity , associated with pro – resolving lipid mediator production. Biochim Biophys Acta 1861: 1746 – 1755
  • Allaire J.,Couture P., Leclerc M., Charest A., Marin J., Lepine M – C., Talbot D., Tchernof A., Lamarche B. (2016): A randomized, crossover, head – to – head comparison of eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid supplementation to reduce inflammation markers in men and women: the Comparing EPA to DHA (Compar ED) study. Am J Clin Nutr 104: 280 – 287
  • Raatz SK., Johnson LK., Rosenberger TA., Picklo MJ. (2016): Twice weekly intake of farmed Atlantic salmon ( Salmo salar) positively influences lipoprotein concentration and particle size in overweight men and women. Nutr Res 36: 899 – 906
  • Moro K., Nagahashi., Ramanathan R., Takabe K., Wakai T. (2016): Resolvins and omega three polyunsaturated fatty acids: Clinical implications in inflammatory diseases and cancer. World J Clin Cases 4: 155 – 164
  • Sorokin AV., Yang ZH., Vaisman BL., Thacker S., Yu ZX., Sampson M., Serhan CN., Remaley AT. (2016): Addition of aspirin to a fish oil – rich diet decreases inflammation and atherosclerosis in ApoE – null mice. J Nutr Biochim 35: 58 – 65
  • Mozurkewich EL., Greenwood M., Clinton C., Berman D., Romero V., Djuric Z., Qualls C., Gronert K. ( 2016): Pathway markers for pro – resolving lipid mediators in maternal and umbilical cord blood: a secondary analysis of the mothers, omega – 3, and mental health study. Frontiers in Pharmacol 7:1 – 8
  • Stark KD., Van Elswyk ME., Higgins MR., Weatherford CA., Salem N Jr. (2016): Global survey of the omega – 3 fatty acids, docosahexaenoic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid in the blood stream of healthy adults. Prog Lipid Res 63: 132 – 152
  • Hennebelle M., Courchesne – Lover A., St Pierre V., Vandenberghe C., Castellano CA., Fortier M., Tessier D., Cunnane SC. (2016): Preliminary evaluation of a differential effect of an α – linolenate – rich supplement on ketogenesis and plasma ω – 3 fatty acids in young and older adults. Nutr 32: 1211 – 1216
  • Gellert S., Schuchardt JP., Hahn A. (2016): Higher omega – 3 index and DHA status in pregnant women compared to lactating woman – results from a German nation – wide cross – sectional study. Prostaglandins Leucot Essent Fatty Acids 109: 22 – 28
  • Dawczynski C., Lorkowski S. (2015): Prävention kardiovaskulärer Erkrankungen. Cardiovasc 15: 38 – 43
  • Bryhn M. (2015): Prevention of sports injuries by marine omega – 3 fatty acids . J Am Coll Nutr 34: 60 – 61
  • Smith GL., Julliand S., Reeds DN., Sinacore DR., Klein S., Mittendorfer B. (2015): Fish oil – derived n – 3 PUFA therapy increases muscle mass and function in healthy older adults. Am J Clin Nutr 102: 115 – 122
  • Lorente – Cebrian S., Costa AG., Navas – Carretero S., Zabala M., Laiglesia LM., Martinez JA., Moreno – Aliaga MJ. (2015): An update on the role of omega – 3 fatty acids on inflammatory and degenerative diseases. J Physiol Biochem 71: 341 – 349
  • Padro T., Vilahur G., Sanchez – Hernandez J., Hernandez M., Antonijoan RM., Perez A., Badimon L. (2015): Lipidomic changes of LDL in overweight and moderately hypercholest subjects taking phytosterol – and omega – 3 – supplemented milk. J Lipid Res 56: 1043 – 1056
  • Ellulu MS., Khaza`ai H., Abed Y., Rahmat A., Ismail P., Ranneh Y. (2015): Role of fish oil in human health and possible mechanism to reduce the inflammation. Inflammopharm 23: 79 – 89
  • Bibus D., Lands B. ( 2015): Balancing proportions of competing omega – 3 and omega – 6 highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFA) in tissue lipids. Prostaglandins Leucot Essent Fatty Acids 99: 19 – 23
  • Lands B. (2015): Omega – 3 PUFAs lower the propensity for arachidonic acid cascade overreaction. BioMed Res Int : article ID 285135: 1 – 8
  • Skarke C., Alamuddin N., Lawson JA., Li X., Ferguson JF., Reilly MP., Fitz Gerald GA. (2015): Bioactive products formed in humans from fish oils. J Lipid Res 56: 1808 – 1820
  • Singer P, Schulz-Berlekamp G, Seyf A (2015): “Eskimodiät” – ein Mythos? Ernährung und Medizin 30: 60 – 68
  • Weylandt KH, Serini S, Chen YQ, Su HM, Lim K,Calviello G (2015): Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids: The way forward in times of mixed evidence. Biomed Res Int: Article ID 143109
  • Fischer S, Glei M (2015): Health aspects of regular consumption of fish and omega-3-fatty acids. Ernahrungs Umschau 62: 140 – 151
  • Zebrowska A, Mizia-Stec K, Mizia M, Gasior Z, Poprzecki S (2015): Omega-3 fatty acids supplementation improves endothelial function and maximal oxygen uptake in endurance – trained athletes. Eur J Sport Sci 15: 305 – 314
  • Lewis EJH, Radonic PW, Wolever TMS, Wells GD (2015): 21 days of mammalian omega-3 fatty acid supplementation improves aspects of neuromuscular function and performance in male athletes compared to olive oil placebo. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 12: 2
  • Fayet-Moore F, Baghurst K, Meyer BJ (2015): Four models including fish, seafood, red meat and enriched foods to achieve Australien Dietary recommendations for n-3 LCPUFA for all life – stages. Nutrients 7: 8602 – 8614
  • Ellulu MS, Khaza’ai H, Abed Y, Rahmat A, Ismail P, Ranneh Y (2015): Role of fish oil in human health and possible mechanism to reduce the inflammation. Inflammopharmacology 23: 79 – 89
  • Miyata J, Arita M (2015): Role of omega 3-fatty acids and their metabolites in asthma and allergic diseases. Allergol Int 64: 27 – 34
  • Skulas-Ray AN, Flock MR, Richter CK, Harris WS, West SG, Kris-Etherton PM (2015): Red blood cell docosapentaenoic acid (DPA n-3) is inversely associated with triglycerides and C-reactive protein (CRP) in healthy adults and dose – dependently increases following n-3 fatty acid supplementation. Nutrients 7: 6390 – 6404
  • Lopez-Vicario C, Alcaraz-Quiles J, Garcia-Alonso V, Rius B, Hwang SH, Titos E, Lopategi A, Hammock BC, Arroyo V, Claria J (2015): Inhibition of soluble epoxide hydrolase modulates inflammation and autophagy in obese adipose tissue and liver: Role for omega-3 epoxides. PNAS 112: 536 – 541
  • Elwakeel NM, Hazaa HH (2015): Effect of omega-3 fatty acids plus low – dose aspirin on both clinical and biochemical profiles of patients with chronic peridontitis and type 2 diabetes: a randomized double blind placebo-controlled study. J Peridontal Res 50: 721 – 729
  • von Schacky C, Kemper M, Haslbauer R, Halle M (2014): Low omega-3 index in 106 german elite winter endurance athletes: A pilot study. Int J Sport Nutr Exercise Metab 24: 559 – 564
  • Nagvi AZ, Hasturk H, Mu L, Phillips RS, Davis RB, Halem S, Campos H, Goodson JM, Van Dyke TE, Mukamal KJ (2014): Docosahexaenoic acid and peridontitis in adults: A randomized controlled trial. J Dent Res 93: 767 – 773
  • Molfino A, Gioia G, Fanelli FR, Muscaritoli M (2014): The role for dietary omega-3 fatty acids supplementation in older adults. Nutrients 6: 4058 – 4072
  • Romanatto T, Fiamoncini J, Wang B, Curi R, Kang JX (2014): Elevated tissue omega-3 fatty acid status prevents age – related glucose intolerance in fat-1 transgenic mice. Biochim Biophys Acta 1842: 186 – 191
  • Barden A, Mas E, Croft KD, Phillips M, Mori TA (2014): Short-term n-3 fatty acid supplementation but not aspirin increases plasma proresolving mediators of inflammation. J Lipid Res 55: 2401 – 2407
  • Moosheer SM, Waldschütz W, Itariu BK, Brath H, Stulnig TM (2014): A protein-enriched low glycemic index diet with omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation exerts beneficial effects on metabolic control in type 2 diabetes. Prim Care Diabetes 8: 308 – 314
  • Howe PRC, Buckley JD, Murphy KJ, Pettman T, Milte C, Coates AM (2014): Relationship between erythrocyte omega-3 content and obesity is gender dependent. Nutrients 6: 1850 – 1860
  • Macartney MJ, Hingley L, Brown MA, Peoples GE, McLennan PL (2014): Intrinsic heart rate recovery after dynamic exercise is improved with an increased omega-3 index in healthy males. Br J Nutr 112: 1984 – 1992
  • Papanikolaou Y, Brooks J, Reider C, Fulgoni VL (2014): U.S. adults are not meeting recommended levels for fish and omega-3-fatty acid intake: Results of an analysis using observational data from NHANES 2003 – 2008. Nutr J 13: 31 doi: 10.1186/1475-2891-13-31
  • Schebb NH, Ostermann AL, Yang J, Hammock BD, Hahn A, Schuchardt JP (2014): Comparison of the effects of long-chain omega-3 fatty acid supplementation on plasma levels of free and esterified oxylipins. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 113 – 115: 21 – 29
  • Schuchardt JP, Schmidt S, Kressel G, Willenberg I, Hammock BD, Hahn A, Schebb NH (2014): Modulation of blood oxylipin levels by long-chain omega-3 fatty acid supplementation in hyper- and normolipidemic men. Prostaglandins Leucot Essent Fatty Acids 90: 27 – 37
  • Lager S, Ramirez V, Gaccioli F, Jansson T, Powell TL (2014): Expression and localization of the omega-3 fatty acid receptor GPR 120 in human term placenta. Placenta 35: 523 – 525
  • Li J, Li FR, Wei D, Jia W, Kang JX, Stefanovic-Racic M, Dai Y, Zhao AZ (2014): Endogenous ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid production confers resistance to obesity, dyslipidemia, and diabetes in mice. Mol Endocrinol 28: 1316 – 1328
  • Singer P, Wirth M, Löhlein I (2014): Fettreiche Seefische in Konserven als Quellen von Omega-3-Fettsäuren. Deklaration, Wirkungen und Bedeutung für die Ernährungspraxis. Ernährung im Fokus 14: 189-197
  • Richter V, Blüher M, Ceglarek U,Thiery J, Hamm M (2014): Adipositas und Omega-3-Fettsäuren: Die Rolle von Mediatoren der Entzündungsauflösung. Adipositas 8: 25-31
  • von Schacky C, Kemper M, Haslbauer R, Halle M (2014): Low omega-3 index in 106 german elite winter endurance athletes: a pilot study. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 24: 559-564
  • Yates CM, Calder PC, Ed Rainger G (2014): Pharmacology and Therapeutics of omega-3-polyunsaturated fatty acids in chronic inflammatory disease. Pharmacol Ther 141: 272-282
  • Taha AY, Cheon Y, Faurot KF, Macintosh B, Majchrzak-Hong SF, Mann JD, Hibbeln JR, Ringel A, Ramsden CE (2014): Dietary omega–6–fatty acid lowering increases bioavailability of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in human plasma lipid pools. Prostaglandins Leucot Essent Fatty Acids 90: 151-157
  • Fischer R, Konkel A, Mehling H, Blossey K, Gapelyuk A, Wessel N, von Schacky C, Dechend R, Muller DN, Rothe M, Luft FC, Weylandt K, Schunck WH (2014): Dietary omega-3 fatty acids modulate the eicosanoid profile in man primarily via the CYP –epoxygenase pathway. J Lipid Res 55: 1150-1164
  • Koletzko B, Boey CC, Campoy C, Carlson SE, Chang N, Guillermo-Tuazon MA, Joshi S, Prell C, Quak SH, Sjarif DR, Su Y, Supapannachart S, Yamashiro Y, Osendarp SJ (2014): Current information and asian perspectives on long – chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in pregnancy, lactation, and infancy: systematic review and practice recommendations from an early nutrition academy workshop. Ann Nutr Metab 65: 49-80
  • Standl M, Thiering E, Demmelmair H, Koletzko B, Heinrich J (2014): Age – dependent effects of cord blood long-chain PUFA composition on BMI during the first 10 years of life. Br J Nutr 13: 1-8
  • Kaur N, Chugh V, Gupta AK (2014): Essential fatty acids as functional components of foods – a review. J Food Sci Technol 51: 2289-2303
  • Singer P, Wirth M (2013): Zum Gehalt von Omega-3-Fettsäuren in fetten Seefischen und Fischkonserven. Deklaration als Innovation und Bedeutung für die Ernährungspraxis. Dt Lebensmittel-Rundschau 109: 643-651
  • Spite M (2013): Deciphering the role of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid – derived lipid mediators in health and disease. Proc Nutr Soc 2: 1-10
  • Gray B, Steyn F, Davies PSW, Vitetta L (2013): Omega-3-fatty acids: a review of the effects on adiponectin and leptin and potential implications for obesity management. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 67: 1234-1242
  • Superko RH, Superko SM, Nasir K, Agatston A, Garrett BC (2013): Contemporary Reviews in Cardiovascular Medicine: Omega-3 fatty acid blood levels clinical significance and controversy. Circulation 128: 2154-2161
  • Ogawa S, Abe T, Nako K, Okamura M, Senda M, Sakamoto T, Ito S, and the DIMS study group (2013): Eicosapentaenoic acid improves glycemic control in elderly bedridden patients with type 2 diabetes. Tohoku J. Exp. Med. 231: 63-74
  • Koletzko B, Bauer CP, Bung P, Cremer M, Flothkötter M, Hellmers C, Kersting M, Krawinkel M, Przyrembel H, Rasenack R, Schäfer T, Vetter K, Wahn U, Weissenborn A, Wöckel A (2013): German national consensus recommendations on nutrition and lifestyle in pregnancy by the Healthy Start – Young Family Network. Ann Nutr Metab 63: 311-322
  • Rogers LK, Valentine CJ, Keim SA (2013): DHA supplementation: current implications in pregnancy and childhood. Pharmacol Res 70: 13-19
  • Harris WS, Pottala JV, Varvel SA, Borowski JJ, Ward JN, Mc Connell JP (2013): Erythrocyte omega-3 fatty acids increase and linoleic acid decreases with age: observations from 160,000 patients. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 88: 257-263
  • Lattka E, Koletzko B, Zeilinger S, Hibbeln JR, Klopp N, Ring SM, Steer CD (2013): Umbilical cord PUFA are determined by maternal and child fatty acid desaturase (FADS) genetic variants in the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC). Br J Nutr 109: 1196-210
  • Maskrey BH, Megson IL, Rossi AG, Whitfield D (2013): Emerging importance of omega-3 fatty acids in the innate immune response: Molecular mechanisms and lipidomic strategies for their analysis. Mol Nutr Food Res 57: 1390-1400
  • Schuchardt JP, Hahn A (2013): Bioavailability of long-chain omega-3 fatty acids. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 89: 1-8
  • Larque E, Gil-Sanchez A, Prieto-Sanchez MT, Koletzko B (2012): Omega 3 fatty acids, gestation and pregnancy outcomes. Br J Nutr 107: 77-84
  • Schmidt S, Stahl F, Mutz KO, Scheper T, Hahn A, Schuchardt JP (2012): Transcriptome-based identification of antioxidative gene expression after fish oil supplementation in normo- and dyslipidemic men. Nutr Metab 9: 45
  • Schmidt S, Stahl F, Mutz KO, Scheper T, Hahn A, Schuchardt JP (2012): Different gene expression profiles in normo- and dyslipidemic men after fish oil supplementation: results from a randomized controlled trial. Lipid Health Dis 11: 105
  • Shinohara M, Mirakaj V, Serhan CN (2012): Functional metabolomics reveals novel active products in the DHA metabolome. Frontiers In Immunology 3 article 81: 1-8
  • Weylandt KH, Chiu CY, Gomolka B, Waechter SF, Wiedenmann B (2012): Omega-3 fatty acids and their lipid mediators: Towards an understanding of resolving and protektin formation. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 97: 73-82
  • Calder PC (2011): Fatty acids and inflammation: The cutting edge between food and pharma. Eur J Pharmacol 668: 50-58
  • Faber J, Berkhout M, Vos AP, Sijben JB, Calder PC, Garssen J, van Helvoort A (2011): Supplementation with a fish oil-enriched, high-protein medical food lead to rapid incorporation of PA into white blood cells and modulates immune responses within one week in healthy men and women. J Nutr 141: 964-970
  • Neubronner J, Schuchardt JP, Kressel G, Merkel M, von Schacky C, Hahn A (2011): Enhanced increase of omega-3-index in response to long-term n-3 fatty acid supplementation from triacylglycerides versus ethyl esters. Eur J Clin Nutr 65: 247-254
  • Richter V, Hamm M, Löhlein I, Bahri D, Kasper H, Klör H-U, Neuberger D, Singer P, Wahrburg U (2011): Langkettige Omega-3-Fettsäuren: Bedeutung und Versorgungskonzept. Dtsch Apoth Ztg 51: 2953-2957
  • Richter V, Hamm M (2011): Stellenwert der Omega-3-Fettsäuren in unterschiedlichen Lebensperioden. kinderkrankenschwester 30: 207-210
  • Schuchardt JP, Schneider I, Meyer H, Neubronner J, von Schacky C, Hahn A (2011): Incorporation of EPA and DHA into plasma phospholipids in response to different omega-3 fatty acid formulations – a comparative bioavailability study of fish oil vs. krill oil. Lipids Health Dis 10: 145
  • Singer P (2011). Omega-3-Fettsäuren als Therapieoption für NAFLD. MMW – Fortschr Med 153: 90-94
  • Arnold C, Konkel A, Fischer R, Schunck W-H (2010): Cytochrome P450-dependent metabolism of ω-6 and ω-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids. Pharmacol Raports 62: 536-547
  • Singer P (2010): Praktische Aspekte bei der Zufuhr von Omega-3-Fettsäuren. Ernährung und Medizin Suppl S1: 3-18
  • Bresson J-L, Flynn A, Heinonen M, Hulshof K, Korhonen H, Lagiou P, Lovik M, Marchelli R, Martin A, Moseley B, Przyrembel H, Salminen S, Strain S (JJ), Strobel S, Tetens I, van den Berg H, van Loveren H, Verhagen H (2009): Labelling reference intake values for n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids: Scientific opinion of the panel on dietetic products, nutrition and allergies on a request from the commission related to labelling reference intake values for n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids. EFSA J 1176: 1-11
  • Harris WS, Mozaffarian D, Lefevre M, Toner CD, Colombo J, Cunnane SC, Holden JM, Klurfeld DM, Morris MC, Whelan J (2009): Toward establishing dietary reference intake for eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids. J Nutr 139: 804-819
  • Koletzko B, Lien E, Agostoni C, Böhles H, Campoy C, Cetin I, Decsi T, Dudenhausen JW, Dupont C, Forsyth S, Hoesli I, Holzgreve W, Lapillone A, Putet G, Secher NJ, Symonds M, Szajewska H, Willats P, Uauy R (2008): World Association of Perinatal Medicins Dietary Guidelines Working Group: The roles of long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in pregnancy, lactation and infancy: review of current knowledge and consensus recommendations. J Perinat Med 36: 5-14
  • Hamm MSinger P (2008): Geringer Gehalt von Omega-3-Fettsäuren bei Vegetariern und Veganern. Komplement Integr Med 49: 16-23, Neuberger D (2008): Omega-3 aktiv – Gesundheit aus dem Meer. Hannover: Schlütersche Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co KG
  • Singer P (2008): Geringer Gehalt von Omega-3-Fettsäuren bei Vegetariern und Veganern. Komplement Integr Med 49: 16-23
  • Richter V, Rassoul F, Hamm M (2007): Jugendliche oft mit Omega-3-Fettsäuren unterversorgt. Dtsch Apoth Ztg 147: 5269-5272
  • American Heart Association Nutrition Committee (2006): Scientific Statement; Diet and Lifestyle Recommendations Revision 2006. Circulation 114: 82-96
  • Deckelbaum R J, Worgall TS, Seo T (2006): n-3 Fatty acids and gene expression. Am J Clin Nutr 83 (suppl): 1520-1525
  • ISSFAL (2004): Recommendations for intake of polyunsaturated fatty acids in healthy adults. more Informations
  • Singer P (2004): Versorgung mit Omega-3-Fettsäuren. Regulierungsmöglichkeiten, Grenzen, Perspektiven. J Orthomol Med 12: 336-349
  • Beermann C, Jelinek J, Reinecker T, Hauenschild A, Boehm G, Klör H-U (2003): Short time effects of dietary medium-chain fatty acids and n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids on the fat metabolism of healthy volunteers. Lipids Health Dis 2: 10
  • Bahri D, Gusko M, Hamm M, Kasper H, Klör H-U, Neuberger D, Singer P (2002): Bedeutung und empfehlenswerte Höhe der Zufuhr langkettiger Omega-3-Fettsäuren. Ein Konsensus-Statement des Arbeitskreises Omega-3. Ernährungs-Umschau 49: 94-98
  • Singer P (2000): Was sind, wie wirken Omega-3-Fettsäuren? Frankfurt / Main: Umschau Zeitschriftenverlag Breitenstein GmbH
  • Simopoulos AP (1991): Omega-3 fatty acids in health and disease and in growth and development. Am J Clin Nutr 54: 438-463
  • Singer P., Wirth M., Singer K. (2016): Canned seawater fish with declared content of omega – 3 fatty acids: a novel benefit for dietary practice and research. Eur J Clin Nutr 70: 1093-1094
  • Weylandt KH. (2016): Docosapentaenoic acid derived metabolites and mediators – The new world of lipid mediator medicine in a nutshell. Eur J Pharmacol 785: 108 – 115
  • Cicero AFG., Rosticci M., Morbini M., Cagnati M., Grandl E., Parini A., Borghi C. (2016): Lipid – lowering and anti – inflammatory effects of omega 3 ethyl esters and krill oil: a randomized, cross- over , clinical trial. Arch Med Sci 12: 507 – 512
  • Barden AE., Mas E., Mori TA. (2016): n – 3 fatty acid supplementation and proresolving mediators of inflammation. Curr Opin Lipidol 27: 26 – 32
  • Polus A., Zapala B., Razny U., Gielicz A., Kiec – Wilk B., Malczewska – Malec M., Sanak M., Childs CE., Calder PC., Dembinska – Kiec A. (2016): Omega – 3 fatty acid supplementation influences the whole blood transcriptome in women with obesity , associated with pro – resolving lipid mediator production. Biochim Biophys Acta 1861: 1746 – 1755
  • Allaire J.,Couture P., Leclerc M., Charest A., Marin J., Lepine M – C., Talbot D., Tchernof A., Lamarche B. (2016): A randomized, crossover, head – to – head comparison of eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid supplementation to reduce inflammation markers in men and women: the Comparing EPA to DHA (Compar ED) study. Am J Clin Nutr 104: 280 – 287
  • Raatz SK., Johnson LK., Rosenberger TA., Picklo MJ. (2016): Twice weekly intake of farmed Atlantic salmon ( Salmo salar) positively influences lipoprotein concentration and particle size in overweight men and women. Nutr Res 36: 899 – 906
  • Moro K., Nagahashi., Ramanathan R., Takabe K., Wakai T. (2016): Resolvins and omega three polyunsaturated fatty acids: Clinical implications in inflammatory diseases and cancer. World J Clin Cases 4: 155 – 164
  • Sorokin AV., Yang ZH., Vaisman BL., Thacker S., Yu ZX., Sampson M., Serhan CN., Remaley AT. (2016): Addition of aspirin to a fish oil – rich diet decreases inflammation and atherosclerosis in ApoE – null mice. J Nutr Biochim 35: 58 – 65
  • Mozurkewich EL., Greenwood M., Clinton C., Berman D., Romero V., Djuric Z., Qualls C., Gronert K. ( 2016): Pathway markers for pro – resolving lipid mediators in maternal and umbilical cord blood: a secondary analysis of the mothers, omega – 3, and mental health study. Frontiers in Pharmacol 7:1 – 8
  • Stark KD., Van Elswyk ME., Higgins MR., Weatherford CA., Salem N Jr. (2016): Global survey of the omega – 3 fatty acids, docosahexaenoic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid in the blood stream of healthy adults. Prog Lipid Res 63: 132 – 152
  • Hennebelle M., Courchesne – Lover A., St Pierre V., Vandenberghe C., Castellano CA., Fortier M., Tessier D., Cunnane SC. (2016): Preliminary evaluation of a differential effect of an α – linolenate – rich supplement on ketogenesis and plasma ω – 3 fatty acids in young and older adults. Nutr 32: 1211 – 1216
  • Gellert S., Schuchardt JP., Hahn A. (2016): Higher omega – 3 index and DHA status in pregnant women compared to lactating woman – results from a German nation – wide cross – sectional study. Prostaglandins Leucot Essent Fatty Acids 109: 22 – 28
  • Dawczynski C., Lorkowski S. (2015): Prävention kardiovaskulärer Erkrankungen. Cardiovasc 15: 38 – 43
  • Bryhn M. (2015): Prevention of sports injuries by marine omega – 3 fatty acids . J Am Coll Nutr 34: 60 – 61
  • Smith GL., Julliand S., Reeds DN., Sinacore DR., Klein S., Mittendorfer B. (2015): Fish oil – derived n – 3 PUFA therapy increases muscle mass and function in healthy older adults. Am J Clin Nutr 102: 115 – 122
  • Lorente – Cebrian S., Costa AG., Navas – Carretero S., Zabala M., Laiglesia LM., Martinez JA., Moreno – Aliaga MJ. (2015): An update on the role of omega – 3 fatty acids on inflammatory and degenerative diseases. J Physiol Biochem 71: 341 – 349
  • Padro T., Vilahur G., Sanchez – Hernandez J., Hernandez M., Antonijoan RM., Perez A., Badimon L. (2015): Lipidomic changes of LDL in overweight and moderately hypercholest subjects taking phytosterol – and omega – 3 – supplemented milk. J Lipid Res 56: 1043 – 1056
  • Ellulu MS., Khaza`ai H., Abed Y., Rahmat A., Ismail P., Ranneh Y. (2015): Role of fish oil in human health and possible mechanism to reduce the inflammation. Inflammopharm 23: 79 – 89
  • Bibus D., Lands B. ( 2015): Balancing proportions of competing omega – 3 and omega – 6 highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFA) in tissue lipids. Prostaglandins Leucot Essent Fatty Acids 99: 19 – 23
  • Lands B. (2015): Omega – 3 PUFAs lower the propensity for arachidonic acid cascade overreaction. BioMed Res Int : article ID 285135: 1 – 8
  • Skarke C., Alamuddin N., Lawson JA., Li X., Ferguson JF., Reilly MP., Fitz Gerald GA. (2015): Bioactive products formed in humans from fish oils. J Lipid Res 56: 1808 – 1820
  • Singer P, Schulz-Berlekamp G, Seyf A (2015): “Eskimodiät” – ein Mythos? Ernährung und Medizin 30: 60 – 68
  • Weylandt KH, Serini S, Chen YQ, Su HM, Lim K,Calviello G (2015): Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids: The way forward in times of mixed evidence. Biomed Res Int: Article ID 143109
  • Fischer S, Glei M (2015): Health aspects of regular consumption of fish and omega-3-fatty acids. Ernahrungs Umschau 62: 140 – 151
  • Zebrowska A, Mizia-Stec K, Mizia M, Gasior Z, Poprzecki S (2015): Omega-3 fatty acids supplementation improves endothelial function and maximal oxygen uptake in endurance – trained athletes. Eur J Sport Sci 15: 305 – 314
  • Lewis EJH, Radonic PW, Wolever TMS, Wells GD (2015): 21 days of mammalian omega-3 fatty acid supplementation improves aspects of neuromuscular function and performance in male athletes compared to olive oil placebo. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 12: 2
  • Fayet-Moore F, Baghurst K, Meyer BJ (2015): Four models including fish, seafood, red meat and enriched foods to achieve Australien Dietary recommendations for n-3 LCPUFA for all life – stages. Nutrients 7: 8602 – 8614
  • Ellulu MS, Khaza’ai H, Abed Y, Rahmat A, Ismail P, Ranneh Y (2015): Role of fish oil in human health and possible mechanism to reduce the inflammation. Inflammopharmacology 23: 79 – 89
  • Miyata J, Arita M (2015): Role of omega 3-fatty acids and their metabolites in asthma and allergic diseases. Allergol Int 64: 27 – 34
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  • Singer P, Berger J, Lück K, Taube Ch, Naumann E, Gödicke W (1986): Long-term effect of mackerel diet on blood pressure, serum lipids and thromboxane formation in patients with mild essential hypertension. Atherosclerosis 62: 259-265
  • Kromhout D, Bosschieter EB, de Lezenne Coulander C (1985): The inverse relation between fish consumption and 20-year mortality from coronary heart disease. N Engl J Med 312: 1205-1209
  • Von Schacky C, Weber PC (1985): Metabolism and effects on platelet function of the purified eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids in humans. J Clin Invest 76: 2446-2450
  • Dyerberg J, Bang HO (1982): A hypothesis on the development of acute myocardial infarction in Greenlanders. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 42: 7-13
  • Harris WS, Connor WE, Mc Murry MP (1980): Reduction of plasma lipids and lipoproteins by dietary w-3 fatty acids. Am J Clin Nutr 33: 928-935
  • Dyerberg J, Bang HO (1979): Lipid metabolism atherogenesis, and haemostasis in Eskimos: the role of the prostaglandin-3 family. Haemostasis 8: 227-233

References regarding Omega-3 fatty acids and brain function

  • Lukaschek K., von Schacky C., Kruse J., Ladwig KH. (2016): Cognitive impairment Is associated with a low omega – 3 index in the elderly: results from the KORA – Age Study. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 42: 236 – 245
  • Devassy JG., Leng S., Gabbs M., Monirujjaman M., Aukema HM. (2016): Omega – 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and oxylipins in neuroinflammation and management of Alzheimer disease. Adv Nutr 7: 905 – 916
  • Husted KS., Bouzinova EV. (2016): The importance of n – 6 / n – 3 fatty acids ratio in the major depressive disorder. Medicina (Kaunas) 52: 139 – 147
  • D`Ascoli TA., Mursu J., Voutilainen S., Kauhanen J., Tuomainen TP., Virtanen JK. (2016): Association between serum long – chain omega – 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and cognitive performance in elderly men and women: The Kuopio Ischaemic Heart Disease Risk Factor Study. Eur J Clin Nutr 70: 970 – 975
  • Wysoczanski T., Sokola – Wysoczanska E., Pekala J., Lochynski S., Czyz K., Bodkowski R., Herbinger G., Patkowska – Sokola B., Librowski T. (2016): Omega – 3 fatty acids and their role in central nervous system – a review. Curr Med Chem 23: 816 – 831
  • McNamara RK., Jandacek R., Tso P., Blom TJ., Welge JA., Strawn JR., Adler CM., Strakowski SM., DelBello MP. (2016): Adolescents with or at ultra – high risk for bipolar disorder exhibit erythrocyte docosahexaenoic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid deficits: a candidate prodomal risk biomarker. Early Interv Psychiatry 10: 203 – 211
  • Mc Namara RK. (2016): Role of omega – 3 fatty acids in the Etiology, treatment , and prevention of depression: current status and future directions. J Nutr Intermed Metab 5: 96 – 106
  • van der Wurff LS., von Schacky C., Berge K., Zeegers MP., Kirschner PA., de Groot RH. (2016): Association between blood omega – 3 index and cognition in typically developing dutch adolescents. Nutr 8: doi: 10.3390/nu8010013
  • Wang X., Hjorth E., Vedin I., Eriksdotter M., Freund – Levi Y., Wahlund L – O., Cederholm T., Palmblad J., Schultzberg M. (2015): Effects of n – 3 FA supplementation on the release of proresolving lipid mediators by blood mononuclear cells: the Omeg AD study. J Lipid Res 56: 674 – 681
  • Voggt A., Berger M., Obermeier M., Löw A., Seemueller F., Riedel M., Moeller HJ., Zimmermann R., Kirchberg F., von Schacky C., Severus E. (2015): Heart rate variability and omega – 3 index in euthymic patients with bipolar disorders. Eur Psychiatry 30: 228 – 232
  • Smollich M (2015): Omega-3 fatty acids and brain function. Ernahrungs Umschau 62: 170 – 177
  • Steenweg-de Graaff JC, Tiemeier H, Basten MG, Rijlaarsdam J, Demmelmair H, Koletzko B, Hofman A, Jaddoe VW, Verhulst FC, Roza SJ (2015): Maternal LC-PUFA status during pregnancy and child problem behaviour: The Generation R Study. Pediatr Res 77: 489 – 497
  • Fiala M, Halder RC, Sagong B, Ross O, Sayre J, Porter V, Bredesen DE (2015): ω-3 supplementation increases amyloid-β phagocytosis and resolvin D1 in patients with minor cognitive impairment. FASEB J 29: 2681 – 2689
  • Fiala M, Terrando N, Dalli J (2015): Specialized pro-resolving mediators from omega-3 fatty acids improve amyloid-β phagocytosis and regulate inflammation in patients with minor cognitive impairment. J Alzheimers Dis 48: 293 – 301
  • Bos DJ, Oranje B, Veerhoek ES, Van Diepen RM, Weusten JM, Demmelmair H, Koletzko B, De Sain-van der Velden MG, Eilander A, Hoeksma M, Durston S (2015):Reduced symptoms of inattention after dietary omega-3 fatty acids supplementation in boys with and without attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Neuropsychopharmacology 40: 2298 – 2306
  • Jerneren F, Elshorbagy AK, Oulhaj A, Smith SM, Refsum H, Smith AD (2015): Brain atrophy in cognitively impaired elderly: The importance of long-chain ω-3 fatty acids and B vitamin status in a randomized controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr 102: 215 – 221
  • Delpech JC, Madore C, Joffre C, Aubert A, Kang JX, Nadjar A, Laye S (2015): Transgenic increase in n-3/n-6 fatty acid ratio protects against cognitive deficits induced by an immune challenge through decrease of neuroinflammation. Neuropsychopharmacology 40: 525 – 536
  • Baierle M, Vencato PH, Oldenburg L, Bordignon S, Zibetti M, Trentini CM, Duarte M MMF,Veit JC, Somacal S, Emanuelli T, Grune T, Breusing N, Garcia SC (2014): Fatty acid status and its relationship to cognitive decline and homocysteine levels in the elderly. Nutrients 6: 3624 – 3640
  • Gow RV, Hibbeln JR (2014): Omega-3 fatty acid and nutrient deficits in adverse neurodevelopment and childhood behaviors. Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am 23: 555 – 590
  • Otsuka R, Tange C, Nishita Y, Kato Y, Imai T, Ando F, Shimokata H (2014): Serum docosahexaenoic and eicosapentaenoic acid and risk of cognitive decline over 10 years among elderly Japanese. Eur J Clin Nutr 68: 503 – 509
  • Brenna JT, Carlson SE (2014): Docosahexaenoic acid and human brain development: Evidence that a dietary supply is needed for optimal development. J Hum Evol 77: 99 – 106
  • Afshordel S, Hagl S, Werner D, Röhner N, Kögel D, Bazan NG, Eckert GP (2014): Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids improve mitochondrial dysfunction in brain aging – impact of Bcl-2 and NPD-1 like metabolites. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 91: doi:10.1016 / j.plefa. 2014.05.008
  • Widenhom-Müller K, Schwanda S, Scholz E, Spitzer M, Bode H (2014): Effect of supplementation with long-chain ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on behaviour and cognition in children with attention deficit / hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): a randomized placebo-controlled intervention trial. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 91: 49-60
  • Cutuli D, De Bartolo P, Caporali P, Laricchiuta D, Foti F, Ronci M, Rossi C, Neri C, Spaletta G, Caltagirone C, Farioli-Vecchioli S, Petrosini L (2014): n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids supplementation enhances hippocampal functionality in aged mice. Front Aging Neurosci 6: 220
  • Hennebelle M, Plourde M, Chouinard-Watkins R, Castellano CA, Barberger-Gateau P, Cunnane SC (2014): Ageing and apoE change DHA homeostasis: relevance to age-related cognitive decline. Proc Nutr Soc 73: 80-86
  • Janssen C, Kiliaan AJ (2014): Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA) from genesis to senescence: the influence of LCPUFA on neural development, aging, and neurodegeneration. Prog Lipid Res 53: 1-17
  • O`Callaghan N, Parletta N, Milte CM, Benassi-Evans B, Fenech M, Howe PR (2014): Telomere shortening in elderly individuals with mild cognitive impairment may be attenuated with ω-3 fatty acid supplementation: a randomized controlled pilot study. Nutr 30: 489-491
  • Bowman GL, Dodge HH, Mattek N, Barbey AK, Silbert LC, Shinto L, Howieson DB, Kaye JA, Quinn JE (2013): Plasma omega-3 PUFA and white matter mediated executive decline in older adults. Front Aging Neurosci 5: 92
  • Firlag M, Kamaszewski M, Gaca K, Adamek D, Balasinska B (2013): The neuroprotective effect of long-term n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids supplementation in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus of aging rats. Folia Neuropathol 51: 235-242
  • Orr SK, Palumbo S, Bosetti F, Mount HT, Kang JX, Greenwood CE, Ma DWL, Serhan CN, Bazinet RP (2013): Unesterified docosahexaenoic acid is protective in neuroinflammation. J Neurochem 127: 378-393
  • Kuratko CN, Barrett EC, Nelson EB, Salem N Jr. (2013): The relationship of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) with learning and behaviour in healthy children: a review. Nutrients 19: 2777-2810
  • Cunnane SC, Chouinard-Watkins R, Castellano CA, Barberger-Gateau P (2013): Docosahexaenoic acid homeostasis, brain aging and Alzheimer`s disease: Can we reconcile the evidence? Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 88: 61-70
  • Eckert GP, Lipka U, Muller WE (2013): Omega-3 fatty acids in neurodegenerative disease: focus on mitochondria. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 88: 105-114
  • Kang JX, Gleason ED (2013): Omega-3 fatty acids and hippocampal neurogenesis in depression. CNS Neurol Disord Drug Targets 12: 460-465
  • Kuratko CN, Barrett EC, Nelson EB, Salem N Jr. (2013): The relationship of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) with learning and behaviour in healthy children: a review. Nutrients 5: 2777-2810
  • Loef M, Walach H (2013): The omega-6/omega-3 ratio and dementia or cognitive decline: a systematic review on human studies and biological evidence. J Nutr Gerontol Geriatr 32: 1-23
  • Luchtman DW, Song C (2013): Cognitive enhancement by omega-3 fatty acids from childhood to old age: findings from animal and clinical studies. Neuropharmacology 64: 550-565
  • Parletta N, Cooper P, Gent DN, Petkov J, O`Dea K (2013): Effects of fish oil supplementation on learning and behaviour of children from Australian indigenous remote community schools: A randomized controlled trial. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 89: 71-79
  • Pu H, Guo Y, Zhang W, Huang L, Wang G, Liou AK, Zhang J, Zhang P, Leak RK, Wang Y, Chen J, Gao Y (2013): Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation improves neurologic recovery and attenuates white matter injury after experimental traumatic brain injury. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 33: 1474-1484
  • Stonehouse W, Conion CA, Podd J, Hill SR, Minihane AM, Haskell C, Kennedy C (2013): DHA supplementation improved both memory and reaction time in healthy young adults: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr 97: 1134-1143
  • Farooqui AA (2012): n-3 fatty acid-derived lipid mediators in the brain: new weapons against oxidative stress and inflammation. Curr Med Chem 19: 532-543
  • Kiecolt-Glaser JK, Belury MA, Andridge R, Malarkey WB, Hwang BS, Glaser R (2012): Omega-3 supplementation lowers inflammation in healthy middle-aged and older adults: a randomized trial. Brain Behav Immun 26: 988-995
  • Tan ZS, Harris WS, Beiser AS, Au R, Himali JJ, Debette S, Pikula A, Decarli C, Wolf PA, Vasan RS, Robins SJ, Seshadri S (2012): Red blood cell ω-3 fatty acid levels and markers of accelerated brain aging. Neurology 78: 658-664
  • Bazan NG, Molina MF, Gordon WC (2011): Docosahexaenoic acid signalolipidomics in nutrition: significance in aging, neuroinflammation, macular degeneration, Alzheimer`s, and other neurodegenerative diseases. Annu Rev Nutr 31: 321-351
  • Bradbury J (2011): Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA): an ancient nutrient for the modern human brain. Nutrients 3: 529-554
  • Eckert GP, Chang S, Eckmann J, Copanaki E, Hagl S, Hener U, Müller WE, Kögel D (2011): Liposome-incorporated DHA increases neuronal survival by enhancing non-amyloidogenic APP processing. Biochem Biophys Acta 1808: 236-243
  • Schuchardt JP, Huss M, Stauss-Grabo M, Hahn A (2010): Significance of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) for the development and behaviour of children. Eur J Pediatr 169: 149-164
  • Beydoun MA, Kaufman JS, Satia JA, Rosamond W, Folsom AR (2007): Plasma n-3 fatty acids and the risk of cognitive decline in older adults: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study. Am J Clin Nutr 85:1103-1111
  • Connor WE, Connor SL (2007): The importance of fish and docosahexaenoic acid in Alzheimer disease. Am J Clin Nutr. 85: 929-930
  • Hibbeln JR, Ferguson TA, Blasbalg TL (2006): Omega-3 fatty acid deficiencies in neurodevelopment, aggression and autonomic dysregulation: Opportunities for intervention. Int Rev Psychiatry 18: 107-118
  • Wainwright P (2000): Nutrition and behaviour: The role of n-3 fatty acids in cognitive function. Br J Nutr 83: 337-339
  • Kyle DJ, Schaefer E, Patton G, Beiser A (1999): Low serum docosahexaenoic acid is a significant risk factor for Alzheimers dementia. Lipids 34: 245

References regarding Omega-3 fatty acids and vision

  • Tellez – Vazquez J. (2016): Omega – 3 fatty acid supplementation improves dry eye symptoms in patients with glaucoma: results of a prospective multicenter study. Clin Ophthalmol10: 617 – 626
  • Bhargava R., Chandra M., Bansal U., Singh D., Ranjan S., Sharma S. (2016): A randomized controlled trial of omega – 3 fatty acids in rosacea patients with dry eye symptoms. Curr Eye Res 41:1274 – 1280
  • Epitropoulos AT., Donnenfeld ED., Shah ZA., Holland EJ., Gross M., Faulkner WJ., Matossian C., Lane SS., Toyos M., Bucci FA Jr., Perry HD (2016): Effect of oral re-esterified omega – 3 nutritional supplementation on dry eyes. Cornea 35: 1185 – 1191
  • Gatell – Tortajada J. (2016): Oral supplementation with a nutraceutical formulation containing omega – 3 fatty acids, vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants in a large series of patients with dry eye symptoms: results of a prospective study. Clin Interv Aging 11: 571 – 578
  • Lawrenson JG., Evans JR. (2015): Omega – 3 fatty acids for preventing or progression of age – related macular degeneration. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 4: CDO10015
  • Johansson I., Monsen VT., Pettersen K., Mildenberger J., Misund K., Kaarniranta K., Schonberg S., Bjorkoy G. (2015): The marine n – 3 PUFA DHA evokes cytoprotection against oxidative stress and protein misfolding by inducing autophagy and NFE 2L2 in human retinal pigment epithelial cells. Autophagy 11: 1636 – 1651
  • Bhargava R, Kumar P (2015): Oral omega-3 fatty acid treatment for dry eye in contact lens wearers. Cornea 34: 413 – 420
  • Bhargava R, Kumar P, Phogat P, Kaur A, Kumar M (2015): Oral omega-3 fatty acids treatment in computer vision syndrome related dry eye. Cont Lens Anterior Eye 38: 206 – 210
  • Korb DR, Blackie CA, Finnemore VM, Douglass T (2015): Effect of using a combination of lid wipes, eye drops, and omega-3 supplements on meibomian gland functionality in patients with lipid deficient/evaporative dry eye. Cornea 34: 407 – 412
  • Merle BMJ, Benlian P, Puche N, Bassols A, Delcourt C, Souied EH (2014): Circulating omega-3 fatty acids and neovascular age-related macular degeneration. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 55: 2010 – 2019
  • Olenik A (2014): Effectiveness and tolerability of dietary supplementation with a combination of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and antioxidants in the treatment of dry eye symptoms: results of a prospective study. Clin Ophthalmol 8:169-176
  • Liu AJL (2014): Omega-3 essential fatty acids therapy for dry eye syndrome: a meta-analysis of randomized studies. Med Sci Monit 20: 1583-1589
  • Harauma A, Saito J, Watanabe Y, Moriguchi T (2014): Potential for daily supplementation of n-3 fatty acids to reverse symptoms of dry eye in mice. Prostagandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 90: 207-213
  • Merle BM, Benlian P, Puche N, Bassols A, Delcourt C, Souied EH, Nutritional AMD Treatment 2 Study Group (2014): Circulating omega-3 fatty acids and neovascular age-related macular degeneration. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 55: 2010-2019
  • Leigh NJ, Nelson JW, Mellas RE, Aquirre A, Baker OJ (2014): Expression of resolvin D1 biosynthetic pathways in salivary epithelium. J Dent Res 93: 300-305
  • Bhargava R, Kumar P, Kumar M, Mehra N, Mishra A (2013): A randomized controlled trial of omega-3 fatty acids in dry eye syndrome. Int J Ophthalmol 6: 811-816
  • Kawakita T, Kawabata F, Tsuji T, Kawashima M, Shimmura S, Tsubota K (2013): Effects of dietary supplementation with fish oil on dry eye syndrome subjects: randomized controlled trial. Biomed Res 34: 215-220
  • Arnold C, Winter L, Fröhlich K, Jentsch S, Dawczynski J, Jahreis G, Böhm V (2013): Macular xanthophylls and ω-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in age-related macular degeneration: a randomized trial. JAMA Ophthalmol 131: 564-572
  • Nguyen CT, Vingrys AJ, Bui BV (2013): Dietary ω-3 deficiency and IOP insult are additive risk factors for ganglion cell dysfunction. J Glaucoma 22: 269-277
  • Rasmussen HM, Johnson EJ (2013): Nutrients for the aging eye. Clin Interv Aging 8: 741-748
  • Schleicher M, Weikel K, Garber C, Taylor A (2013): Diminishing risk for age-related macular degeneration with nutrition: a current view. Nutrients 5: 2405-2456
  • Hamm M, Neuberger D (2012): Gesunde Augen – ein Leben lang. Wilhelm Goldmann Verlag, München.
  • Molloy C, Doyle LW, Makrides M, Anderson PJ (2012): Docosahexaenoic acid and visual functioning in preterm infants: a review. Neuropsychol Rev 22: 425-437
  • Sapieha P, Chen J, Stahl A, Seaward MR, Favazza TL, Juan AM, Hatton CJ, Joyal JS, Krah NM, Dennison RJ, Tang J, Kern TS, Akula JD, Smith LE (2012): Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids preserve retinal function in type 2 diabetic mice. Nutr Diabetes 2: 36
  • Ho L, van Leeuwen R, Witteman JC, van Duijn CM, Uitterlinden AG, Hofman A, de Jong PT, Vingerling JR, Klaver CC (2011): Reducing the genetic risk of age-related macular degeneration with dietary antioxidants, zinc, and ω-3 fatty acids: the Rotterdam study. Arch Ophthalmol 129: 756-766
  • Huang WB, Fan Q, Zhang XL (2011): Cod liver oil: a potential protective supplement for human glaucoma. Int J Ophthalmol 4: 648-651
  • Jacques C, Levy E, Muckle G, Jacobson SW, Bastien C, Dewailly E, Ayotte P, Jacobson JL, Saint-Amour D (2011): Long-term effects of prenatal omega-3 fatty acid intake on visual function in school-age children 158: 83-90
  • Li N, He J, Schwartz CE, Gjorstrup P, Bazan HE (2010): Resolvin E1 improves tear production and decreases inflammation in a dry eye mouse model. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 26: 431-439
  • Tan JS, Wang JJ, Flood V, Mitchel P (2009): Dietary fatty acids and the 10-year incidence of age-related macular degeneration: the Blue Mountains Eye Study. Arch Ophthalmol 127: 656-665
  • Cakiner-Egilmez T (2008): Omega 3 fatty acids and the eye. Insight 33: 20-25
  • Chong EW, Kreis AJ, Wong TY, Simpson JA, Guymer RH (2008): Dietary omega-3 fatty acid and fish intake in the primary prevention of age-related macular degeneration: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch Ophthalmol 126: 826-833
  • Hodge WG, Barnes D, Schachter HM (2007): Evidence for the effect of omega-3 fatty acids on progression of age-related macular degeneration: a systematic review. Retina 27: 216-221
  • Robman L, Vu H, Hodge A, Tikellis G, Dimitrov P, McCarty C, Guymer R (2007): Dietary lutein, zeaxanthin, and fats and the progression of age-related macular degeneration. Can J Ophthalmol 42:720-726
  • Chua B, Flood V, Rochtchina E, Wang JJ, Smith W, Mitchell P (2006): Dietary fatty acids and the 5-year incidence of age-related maculopathy. Arch Ophthalmol 124: 981-986
  • Seddon JM, George S, Rosner B (2006): Cigarette smoking, fish consumption, omega-3 fatty acid intake, and associations with age-related macular degeneration: the US Twin Study of Age-Related Macular Degeneration. Arch Ophthalmol 124: 995-1001
  • Miljanovic B, Trivedi KA, Dana MR, Gilbard JP, Buring JE, Schaumberg DA (2005): Relation between dietary n-3 and n-6 fatty acids and clinically diagnosed dry eye syndrome in women. Am J Clin Nutr 82: 887-893
  • Hoffman DR, Locke KG, Wheaton DH, Fish GE, Spencer R, Birch DG (2004): A randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial of docosahexaenoic acid supplementation for X-linked retinitis pigmentosa. Am J Ophthalmol 137: 704-718
  • Jeffrey BG, Weisinger HS, Neuringer M, Mitchell DC (2001): The role of docosahexaenoic acid in retinal function. Lipids 36: 859-871
  • Uauy R, Hoffman DR, Peirano P, Birch DG, Birch EE (2001): Essential fatty acids in visual and brain development. Lipids 36: 885-895
  • Anderson GJ, Connor WE, Corliss JD (1990). Docosahexaenoic acid is the preferred dietary n-3 fatty acid for the development of the brain and retina. Pediatric Res 27: 89-97
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EFSA assesses 5 g of long-chain omega-3 fatty acids as safe

Daily supplemental intakes of 5 g of long-chain omega-3 fatty acids raise no safety concerns for adults, EFSA has concluded.

The Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies (NDA Panel) delivered its scientific opinion after reviewing the data on the possible adverse health effects caused by excessive intake of these omega-3 fatty acids.

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